Intel has been making GPUs since the early 1980s, starting with the 82720, or the 82716 if you want to be picky and require a pure-Intel design. They announce a new GPU effort every few years, at about the time it's clear that the previous one has failed.
Again being picky, in theory their integrated graphics are a "success" in that they sell well, but that's because vendors get them for free with the CPU and so don't have to go through the expense of adding a discrete one.
I mean, they're a success in that even a weak discrete GPU is extremely overkill for the majority of people who just want to browse. You can only integrate that kind of card into another chip because the overhead of adding IO and another PCB is just too high for such a weak GPU.
Oh, absolutely, 99% of users and particularly business users don't need a gaming-grade GPU so the Intel one is fine.
Just for a laugh I once tried playing a 10-15 year old game on a recent Intel GPU. It was pretty dire, many seconds between frame updates. It took me several minutes just to get out of the game because it took so long to respond to keypresses.
Again being picky, in theory their integrated graphics are a "success" in that they sell well, but that's because vendors get them for free with the CPU and so don't have to go through the expense of adding a discrete one.