If you look at how a CO2 sensor works [0], you see that it is tuned for a specific material. Characterizing any possible material would be the job of a gas chromatograph [1], which are typically an industrial/scientific instrument as opposed to a more limited mass produced device. Maybe one day the cost (both material and ongoing maintenance) will be low enough to have in one's home.

0. https://www.co2meter.com/blogs/news/co2-carbon-dioxide-detec...

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mas...