See e.g. [1], [2], [3], [4] (in particular see [4.a])

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_per...

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_Unit...

[4.a] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_Unit...

1-3 seem to be historical. In 4.a, I don't see any causation of the problems you identified. Is it that blacks mostly live among other blacks (segregation) and its those other blacks who are always having emergencies and getting out of prison, etc? That doesn't explain why whites who are also segregated don't also suffer from those problems. Is it because blacks' housing is more expensive, leaving them not enough money for smoke alarm batteries and they choose not to move to the better (historically white) areas for some reason?

Slavery and Jim Crow.

See also sundown towns, racial based exclusionary zoning, racial covenants, redlining, and Home Owners Associations.

I'm asking about the causation, not just the facts of history. This is something that can only be found by scientific research. Do you know of any?