Haven't used Java in a while but I believe charAt() returns a UTF-16 codepoint and is constant time access. So something like the above works not only for ASCII, as well as for the majority of Western languages and special characters you may encounter on a day to day basis.
It's constant time iff you ignore surrogate pairs and Unicode. By that logic UTF8 is constant time if you ignore anything not ASCII because most text is in English.
Saying it works fine if you ignore errors and avoid edge cases is just a clever rephrashing of it worked on my machine.
Plus Emojis are Unicode U+1F600 and above, so even in Western language you are bound to find such "exceptions" .
