One of the outcomes of the US-Iraq war was Iraq's national heritage of antiquities getting plundered and sold illegally.[1]
The burning of the Library of Alexandria is a potent symbol in Western culture, but the world has repeatedly suffered massive losses of cultural and historical artifacts in the last few decades. The public quickly develops historical amnesia for recent events. Compare, for example, the loss of Brazil's National Museum to a fire two years ago.[2]
What a tragedy. Most westerners don't realize that when Europeans were living in mud huts and emptying their chamber pots into the streets, the Muslim world had plumbing, water filtration, surgery, advanced mathematics, and many more amazing scientific advances which quickly spread throughout Muslim countries due to the cultural exchange at Mecca. I wonder what the world could have been like if the Mongols had never destroyed so much civilization and progress.
One could say the same thing about a lot of conquerors including the Arab armies. For example, when the Arab armies conquered North Africa, it was one of the richest and most developed areas in the Mediterranean. After the Arab conquest, it became a backwater and never achieved the prominence it had before. Also, in Egypt, the Great Pyramid was once covered with gleaming white limestone, but this was removed and used to build mosques.
The pattern of civilization, destruction, new civilization is a repeating motif in history. Yes the Mongols caused a lot of destruction, but they also facilitated the East-West exchange of ideas and goods on a hithero unknown scale.
>in Egypt, the Great Pyramid was once covered with gleaming white limestone, but this was removed and used to build mosques
This is a very misleading distortion of history. The limestone casing on the Great Pyramid was destroyed in an earthquake in 1308 CE. The limestone rubble was pulled from the base of the pyramid and repurposed for building though much of it was also burned in kilns for lime like the marble of many ancient buildings and temples from the ancient world all around the Mediterranean by people of many and various religions and nationalities.
>When the Arab armies conquered North Africa, it was one of the richest and most developed areas in the Mediterranean. After the Arab conquest, it became a backwater and never achieved the prominence it had before.
You really ought to read up on the Islamic Golden Age.
If that "Golden Age" includes the destruction of Nalanda[1], then forgive me if I agree with the person you're replying to, it was an incredibly destructive empire that aggressively expanded and destroyed anything that deemed heretic. As such, it's not exceptional in either sense.
Edit - As I can't reply to stuff like this (it deserved to die) but in case I get anything more like it:
> Find me an "empire" that wasn't destructive. You're disingenuous, and likely racist as all hell. Fuck off.
I'm making that exact point, all empires are destructive, hence the it's not exceptional in either sense. Thanks to all those who can read and all those who don't go around calling others racists for no good reason.
The Arab world, and Arabic history, is not homogenous. Some Muslim nations were very progressive, others were very backwards. Just like non-Muslim nations, really.
There was definitely a period when western Europe was very backwards whereas a lot of meaningful and important progress was made in Muslim countries. There have been Islamic empires that were relatively tolerant about differences, and certainly didn't destroy everything they deemed heretic.
We have a strong tendency to generalise: everything that's a bit distant from us has to be either one thing of the other thing. We're terrible at nuance, yet it's vital in order to understand history.
1. I'm not singling out anything but the subject. If you want a different response to compare it with, pick a different subject.
2. It's not venomous, and even if it were, it's irrelevant to everything here (quite the feat). You're supposed to show prejudice, venom with reason and/or evidence is not prejudice.
3. Since a) my point was not about a race and b) the subject is not a race, then it's not a racist argument. Far from it.
4. Hence, I'm not a racist. Or maybe I am but you certainly can't ascertain it from your fatuous logic nor anything I've written here.
This comes across a little patronizing. The poster is making the point that North Africa had been part of a civilized empire for centuries, and full of wealthy cities, some famous for their learning. Some of history’s greatest minds lived in Roman North Africa.
These cities were conquered. Some were sacked and destroyed. There was major loss of life, economic destruction, and loss of property, including written works. The conquerors, at the time, did not much appreciate the value of what they were destroying.
The fact that the region later somewhat recovered does not take away from the fact that, if we’re talking about setbacks for human progress, the early Muslim conquests were one. Yes, there was a great reawakening where the conquerors began to appreciate the legacy that remained, and began translating and building on the works that escaped their destruction. That doesn’t make the intervening period better. And certainly the poster is correct that cities like Alexandria and Carthage never again achieved their old prominence.
The region never recovered post-Carthage. I live here, so if you are talking about a powerful civilization, then there is only Carthage. After that it was mostly trading cities going through boom-bust which are setup by other civilizations (Rome/Byzantium/Caliphates/Ottoman...)
> These cities were conquered. Some were sacked and destroyed. There was major loss of life, economic destruction, and loss of property, including written works. The conquerors, at the time, did not much appreciate the value of what they were destroying.
It's just life. North Africa was just a bunch of tribes/cities. It is easier for an invader to tackle them one city at a time than taking a full united civilization.
Much of Roman Africa was in a state of deterioration due to Christan invaders like Visigoths(I think) who overrun the Roman African provinces towards the decline of the Western Roman Empire.
At the time of the expansion of Islam, there was no longer even a Western Roman Empire.
I should have said Vandals instead of Visigoths. The Vandals ruled over Africa during and after the end of the Western Roman Empire.
Later in one of the most dashing military campaigns, the Eastern Roman Empire(Byzantines) forces under Belisarius captured most of the territory of the former Western Roman Empire, including the African provinces after defeating Vandals. The African provinces were then organized into the Exarchate, which is what Muslim armies eventually overcame in the 690s AD.
Your understanding of the region is not an accurate account. Not at all. There have been various sophisticated civilizations in the region, among them various Islamic states. The rises and falls of various sophisticated civilizations came about for a variety of reasons, most of which were prior to the Islamic world existing. The Islamic Golden Age brought Alexandria back from being a declining backwater with its schools closed by late Rome's Christian emperors to returning to a center of learning, one that helped preserve important classical texts that were lost in the West, esp in mathematics and the sciences, and where they were significantly further developed.
Nobody is disputing the existence of the Islamic Golden Age. We are talking about the intermediate, bloody and chaotic period caused by the Muslim conquests that rapidly spread from the Arabian peninsula and overcame the Persian Empire and most of the Roman Empire. These empires didn’t go away for a “variety of reasons”, they went away because they were violently conquered by invading force in the name of religion.
Once can also hardly read accounts of the conquest of Alexandria and think “my, what an improvement.” A lot of people died. Parts of the city burned. You are also wrong that the schools were closed prior. That was certainly not the case. Alexandria was a major center of learning up until the conquest.
Carthage was sacked and deliberately destroyed to prevent it from being retaken.
Look, yes, there’s a group of people out there that understates they Islamic Golden Age. But that doesn’t take away from the reality that the early Muslim conquests were absolutely ruinous. People were still writing those “important classical texts” you mention when they were killed and their texts burned. I doubt they would have much appreciated that the conquerors much later translated what survived the flames.
About the "schools being closed" thing, I had a chance to compare notes (so to speak) with a few friends that grew up in north african muslim countries. I remember they had a few interesting takes that showed a VERY distorted perspective on a few aspects of medieval history (we all do, history books are written by whoever runs the schools), a little beyond the self congratulatory takes I experienced in European schools. I still remember vividly an Egyptian friend of mine that was dead sure Egypt won the Six Days War against Israel to mention one of the most obviously wrong things he believed.
It might be a good idea to state your definition of North Africa. Though the Wikipedia page says that the most accepted definition is one where Egypt is part of it; I've been of the idea that it's not (but that might be because of the french influence ;) )
you studied classics in grad school but you should have also studied debate. As it is abundantly clear to the posters before me and those who replied above, no one except you contended that the islamic golden age did not exiat.
What your classics academia instruction seems to have short changed you is in the entire period of history where arab conquest reduced most mesopotamian and north african development to rubble, mostly in the name of religion.
>As it is abundantly clear to the posters before me and those who replied above, no one except you contended that the islamic golden age did not exiat.
Happily since I was a philosophy undergrad, I am easily able to spot a straw man. The claim was that the Arab Conquest transformed N Africa from a wealthy region to a backwater. This is was really what I was more responding to. During the Arab Golden Age N. Africa was far more prosperous than during the collapse of late Western Rome. If you learned about the history of the region you could discover how inaccurate the premise is as well as the conclusion. Anyway, this conversation ended yesterday so research if you'd like to learn, but I'm out.
I read these on holiday in Morroco a couple years ago and thoroughly enjoyed them. Not necessarily the correct period so I'm open to see other people's suggestions too.
My understanding is quite different... north africa flourished for hundreds of years after the Arab conquest, particularly during the time of Andalusia which lasted almost 700 years. Even after, North Africa held quite some power from its pirating entities. It was very much a hub, controlling important sea routes. It wasn't until European colonialism that it really turned into a backwater and lost all prominence. At least that's my understanding from my historic readings.
To add an interesting part about history: after the US became an independent nation US merchant vessels were not under the protection of the Royal Navy. This made US ships a good target for pirates from the Barbary States who would not only steal the cargo but enslave the crew (the pirates also raided European settlements near coasts for slaves). Because the US didn't have a navy at the time they decided to pay tribute to stop the attacks. At one point the US paid a fifth of its annual budget in tribute to the pirates. This led to the creation of a permanent US Navy and to the Barbary Wars.
Now 200 years later the US Navy is a pretty powerful fighting force.
Ah, like the sentence right before that which stated they were pirates? You think I referred to north africa holding power from its pirating entities as some kind of Disney movie piracy? Anyone who has any sense of piracy in a historical context knows they thieve, pillage, kill, rape, enslave. Besides, you say it as if the north african states uniquely employed slavery, this was a time of a giant slave trade by European countries in Africa, Asia and South America, if I'd have said the colonial Netherlands controlled important trade routes and trade hubs, would you have added the snarky comment as well?
It’s extremely unlikely the limestone casing for the pyramids was still around at the time of the Caliphate. Do you have any sources for that? It wasn’t all that long ago, relatively speaking.
>the Muslim world had plumbing, water filtration, surgery, advanced mathematics, and many more amazing scientific advances
A lot of which came through Indian traders, first evidences of human surgeries are found in Indian subcontinent, Indus valley civilization had pretty advance irrigation system for the time and mathematics: quadratic equations, notion of zero, notion of limits and inifinty were here in philosophical sense even if no one every applied it in mathematics.
In the field of war strategy and material, like steel for sword - India was wayy ahead at its time. They knew about the steel temperament long before Europeans even started using steel for swords.
"During the 6th Century BCE, an Indian physician named Sushruta – widely regarded in India as the 'father of surgery' – wrote one of the world's earliest works on medicine and surgery"
Hell Arabic numerals are actually the Indian nos which trader Arabs exported to Europe. I find the characterisation that Arabs invented no system used in so many places so misleading. It is almost as if western historians do not want to give adequate acknowledgment to South Asia.
Yeah but besides the sanitation system,the aqueduct, the roads, the irrigation system, medicine,oratory, law, historians, dramatists,Vitruvius..what did those lousy Romans have?
1. Are you sure you linked to the right page? That looks to be a condiment.
2. Chemical warfare was used before the Romans, for instance, like that condiment, the greeks had it before them. (Though I don't believe the greeks invented it first either). For example, see this wikipedia article (which is really in need of some improvement) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_warfare
Garum is supposedly similar to south-east Asian fish sauce so as someone who can't stomach even regular seafood, let alone that horrible stuff, I'll stand by their humorous assessment :)
"Muslim world" is somewhat misleading glamorizing generalization in all such statements. Pretty much all examples which are used as a proof of the MW comparatively advanced stage at early medieval times come from Iran/Persia, and Middle East. Both were very much advanced well-before Arab conquests, and simply continued to be so. There were many other parts of MW which were much below that level, or which to tge contrary experienced devastation, and decline as a result of the conquest. The Christendom was very uneven too, of course. And lots if people lived in mud huts in both realms.
Also, blaming Mongols as if they were the sole destroyers is absolutely incorrect.
The arab conquests were like ~700, we're talking about hundreds of years later. I think 'the muslim world' can take some credit for developments on that timeframe.
The Eastern Romans had it too, as it never ceased to exist in the East. However, I don't think the original Muslim Arabs had any of those technologies, the states they conquered did. (Roman and Persian)
Ehm, plumbing is a bad example since the Romans did that WAY ahead of the Muslim world. For that AND sidewalks, you're welcome. Thanks for the numbers, that was handy.
I hope that was a joke.
It's very sad to see people take credit for achievements of others just on the grounds that they happen to share the same nationality/race/religion/birth place.
Sure, someone of your tribe achieved X in the past, very well done, but how did YOU contribute to that? Winning the lottery of birth is not an achievement.
He doesn't sound like he's joking to me (see his other reply), at least the "clearly" in your reply was unwarranted.
Edit: Anyway I'm starting to believe that this whole submission/thread should be flagged. It certainly discusses many things besides the theft of the tablet.
(Though, obviously the Romans were far from the first to do this; evidence of some sort of sewerage apparatus goes back at least 6000 years, and the Minoans had an urban system long before Rome existed)
actually not close at all, if dude is really trying to be Mr. Ancient Rome, well, he’s likelier descended from the “savages” that sacked her than the ancient patricians who led her in glory
>Our language is also the closest to the type of Latin romans spoke during the empire (which itself evolved).
Wrong. Modern Galician is the closest extant language to Latin, the next closest being Spanish.
Romans fought wars against Italians for centuries, who after being conquered were regarded as allies, then as citizens, but never as Romans. The French and Germans have just as much Roman in their blood as the Italians.
I don't speak Galego well but Spanish FOR SURE is not as close as Italian because it contains so many Arabic influences.
Also, you're referring to "cives romani" and obviously a person that didn't live in the city of Rome wasn't a roman.
Regarding the having "roman blood" for French and Germans, you're just wrong. I'm not even going to bother finding you resources because it's not my job to educate you, but I suggest you inform yourself before you start spewing incorrect notions like they are somehow facts.
Funny how even though I'm fluent in Latin and can understand a third of spoken Spanish (having never studied Spanish), I can barely understand 10% of Italian regardless of the accent I'm listening to or which city the speaker is from. It's also funny that several other fluent Latin speakers (and some professors) I've talked to agree about this.
>Also, you're referring to "cives romani" and obviously a person that didn't live in the city of Rome wasn't a roman.
No, not obviously. Romans thought of themselves as a separate ethnicity with a distinct language, culture, and religion from Italians. They are descended from a distinct tribe that settled the city. A Roman family who had lived in Gaul for generations would still be called Roman. An Italian family who had lived in Roma would still be called Italians and cives Romani. Romans settled throughout their conquered territory, which included Italy, Hispania, Britannia, and Gaul. Like it or not, those regions have as much demonstrable Roman blood as modern day Italians whom are mostly descended from Italic tribes, not from Romans.
>it's not my job to educate you
Thank heavens my education of the Latin language and Roman history doesn't depend on you.
All those things existed in the Roman Empire, which extended into the Middle East, until the early Muslim conquests destroyed most of the Roman Empire and all of the Persian Empire, sending the Middle East into a minor dark age.
Because the region had been extremely wealthy and advanced for centuries, with plenty of intra-Empire cultural exchange, itdid eventually recover. Most (not all) of the “advances” were translations of and commentaries on Greek/Roman and Persian works, and notably, most of them were from the pre-existing conquered strata population in pre-existing centers of learning. Of course, as time went on, people did build up higher, but the conquests were a major setback.
So let’s not hype it up too much - where would the world be, if, as Gibbon wrote, Mohammed had died in the cradle, and all those people hadn’t been killed, books burned, and cities sacked?
There’s no way to know - it might have been worse off in both cases.
Based on some quick back of the napkin calculations, we'd probably be facing severe overcrowding and famine; same as if Genghis Khan had been a stillborn.
resource curse, and all of its knock-on effects: ripe targets for resource extraction by foreign governments or multinationals (e.g. the offshoots of Standard Oil), said foreign entities will then support governments that abet their wealth extraction, which are typically governments whose mandate is not based on the will of the people even idealistically. said governments will return a portion of resource revenue to the people in the form of bread and circuses, to distract from how poorly their leaders serve them. saudi arabia had no taxes until only recently – if people are taxed, they’re likelier to be more critical of their government, and to demand representation https://www.ictd.ac/blog/tax-accountability-strengthen-links...
Not sure if Mongols are -entirely- responsible for the decline. We should also consider the shift of international trade from land to sea, and subsequent loss of contact with external world, as the possible culprit. (Consider the Ottomans, for example).
That said, here's a famous quote:
O would that my mother had never borne me, that I had died before and that I were forgotten [so] tremendous disaster such as had never happened before, and which struck all the world, though the Muslims above all . . . Dadjdjal [Muslim Anti-Christ] will at least spare those who adhere to him, and will only destroy his adversaries. These [Mongols], however, spared none. They killed women, men, children, ripped open the bodies of the pregnant and slaughtered the unborn. - Ibn al-Athir (1233–1160)
As someone who moved between red and blue states in high school I like to say that the blue states refuse to teach history and the red states refuse to teach science though history of the middle east isn't usually what I'm referring to.
I think you are overselling the muslim world and underselling europe a bit.
> the Muslim world had plumbing, water filtration, surgery, advanced mathematics, and many more amazing scientific advances which quickly spread throughout Muslim countries due to the cultural exchange at Mecca.
Much of it brought to the muslim world by the roman empire and the greeks. Or from the indians/chinese/etc in the east. Of course there were muslim contributions but lets not get too carried away here.
> I wonder what the world could have been like if the Mongols had never destroyed so much civilization and progress.
The world would be exactly the way it was in the 1200s without the mongols. The muslim world had stagnated by the time the mongols came around. After all the arabic islamic golden age started in the 700s. The mongols destroy arabic islamic civilization but they helped create the turkic islamic civilization of the ottoman empire not to mention the persian centered khanates which went on to create mughal india. Without the mongols, we don't have the italian renaissance and modern europe and without modern europe we don't have modern civilization. The empire created by the mongols is why marco polo went east. It's also why christopher columbus set sail. Without the mongols, we don't have the new world.
No doubt, the arab world suffered and lost out, but the world advanced immensely due to the mongols. The mongol empire was the first truly "global" empire. It helped europe bypass the muslim world and trade directly with india, china, etc.
>Without the mongols, we don't have the italian renaissance and modern europe and without modern europe we don't have modern civilization. The empire created by the mongols is why marco polo went east. It's also why christopher columbus set sail. Without the mongols, we don't have the new world.
No. Just geopolitical, economic, historical facts. Meaning, what actually happened. Sorry if it doesn't mesh with your "mud huts" worldview and agenda.
In which history book does it say that Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of civilisation and muslims had anything to do with it ?
The OP was talking about advanced muslim civilisations when he obviously meant Persia, who were Zoroastrians. I use the word Persia to mean Iran / Iraq / Syria / Turkey and parts of central asia who were fairly advanced in the past and some are still advanced to this day.
Muslims did not invent and make anything. Even the so called islamic golden age was a direct result of brain drain from Persia. Arab muslims and Persian muslims are wildly different. Iran has long maintained their pre-islamic language and culture. It was because of Iran's resistance to becoming Arab that any golden age was at all possible. This rivalry persists to this day in the islamic world as Saudi Arabia vs Iran vs Turkey.
The Europeans were emptying their chamber pots nearly 1000 years after the Greeks invented most major math theory and were sending water hundreds of miles on aqueducts.
Another example is shutting down What.cd, which was a digital library that had an unbelievably large collection of music. Many titles couldn't be found anywhere except on What.cd.
License holders honestly can't be trusted with archiving or distributing their own works.
So much music and movies is available in inferior or compromised formats if you go through the versions available on the market today from the license owners.
The effectively-infinite copyright length that was introduced in the 1970s (yes, that recent!) definitely belongs in the same discussion as the burning of Alexandria. We haven't even begun to realize how much culture we've sacrificed at the foot of Disney and other copyright maximalists.
Annecdote: My dad collects plastic model kits. A major model kit company asked him if he could scan the lid of one of their products they made decades ago, so that they could have the artwork to re-release the same model.
I think LEGO Group is good about this; they have a vault containing a copy of every product they ever made.
Ironically, purely from an amoral preservation point of view, having the antiquities in a museum in the United States or Western Europe has a higher chance of preserving the artifact for future generations.
Granted. Though there’s an argument on what preserving the antiquities is for in the first place.
If we think there is a value provided to visitors seeing them in person, then preserving them far away deprives the Iraqi from these benefits making the preservation neutral at best in the short/middle term (long term? will it ever come back ?). It might feel like having your pet living abroad in a shelter, on one side it gets to live, on the other it doesn’t help you much to cope with your life.
Aside from a couple brief but extremely violent periods this past century, sure. The city I live by had its old town reduced to rubble in 1944-45 and is still rebuilding, despite being in one of the most prosperous regions of a rich, powerful country. The Germanisches National Museum wasn't spared, and they still lost stuff, despite preparing for bombardment. Countless works of art were destroyed throughout the city, despite the citizenry's pride in their cultural heritage.
Or maybe because of an excess of pride in that cultural heritage, if you look at the big picture...
I'm talking about Nuremberg/Nürnberg, of course. I love living here now, but oh boy was the evil of an evil time concentrated here. It's hard to reconcile the lovely place I live now with what I grew up learning about it, to the extent that I think of it as Nürnberg today, but Nuremberg when considering the horrors of the 30s and 40s.
Big Western countries don't have constant, low-level instability like our former colonies - we have rare but all-encompassing blowouts. We've just been lucky in the US and Canada that geography protected us for so long (aside from the evil various European powers visited upon people we encountered or forcibly brought there).
More historically, think about spasmodic but intense episodes in the West, like the iconoclastism during the Protestant Reformation. Good luck to any ancient religious art that happened to be in Switzerland at the time... and think about the various flavors of religious nuttery in the US, now being concentrated and inflamed with social media. The Hobby Lobby founders fortunately wanted these artifacts as evidence for their flavor of religious nuttery, but what would have stopped them from acquiring artifacts that they felt needed to be destroyed?
That's the argument that the British Museum uses to justify its collection (much of which was obtained through colonialism). Many countries (even Western ones like Greece) would like their stuff back.
Given the region's susceptibility to Islamic State uprisings, I'm not convinced Iraq and Syria are going to be good stewards of antiquities in the long-run. [1][2] These areas haven't been stable for decades.
It's worth thinking through the question of whether Iraq or Syria would not be entitled to see stolen property returned due to destabilization. Right now the possessor of the stolen property is an American who also has trafficked in a number of items which were looted in the aftermath of the US invasion of Iraq (this particular tablet was stolen earlier).
Art theft is a real issue in the US and Europe. If an art thief stole then sold a painting owned by an American to someone in China, would you support seeing the stolen property returned to the original owner? Would you take seriously the idea that the owner wasn't entitled to have their stolen property returned since there was a non-trivial chance the art could be stolen again?
For sake of argument, I think that the difference may be that if an artifact is stolen can be recovered. It may even continue to be available to researchers and the general public if it is stollen to be placed in a museum.
It is a much different scenario if an artifact is destroyed either intentionally or unintentionally.
The question of whether a returned article would be destroyed is something to consider, though the notion that this would happen in Iraq and Syria assumes something like another US invasion which caused the destruction and looting in Iraq and Syria the first place. Americans (or others in the Coalition of the Willing) arguing we should keep stolen antiquities because in the future we might destabilize the places we're returning stolen goods to so badly they could be destroyed sounds a little like a threat.
I'm not at all comfortable with the idea that Americans shouldn't return stolen antiquities because America might destabilize the region of the original owner again so badly it could be destroyed.
>It is a much different scenario if an artifact is destroyed either intentionally or unintentionally.
I'd forgotten to respond to this earlier but it's been bugging me, so I'd like to note that a significant amount stolen art is never recovered. In some cases prominent and expensive artworks have been destroyed by the thieves when they couldn't move the art in an attempt to destroy the evidence. Stolen art is sometimes destroyed either intentionally or unintentionally.
Your first point makes sense but your second just isn't comparable in any way at all seeing as Baghdad is literally one of the most inhospitable places to live at the moment
Something 1000s of years old hardly belongs to any particular modern country. Perhaps if whoever is looking after it can't protect it from theft, they don't deserve to be looking after it and it's better that it got stolen. If an entire country is too weak to protect artifacts, then they should be given to somewhere that has that capability.
Who would want to return artifacts to Taliban-controlled Afghanistan just because the Taliban happened to control that piece of land at the time? Nobody cares about some little political group on the scale of 1000s of years.
so you feel the same about the elgin marbles, presumably? because i absolutely adored seeing them at the British Museum, but it sorta feels to me like they ought to be returned to Athens
I don't know what they are but if they were stolen, then obviously it was unable to protect them at that time. No, I don't think ancient Greek artifacts belong to modern Greek people or the modern Greece country. Perhaps they could just as well belong to the EU and be kept in any EU country. Who decides what political entities are the true heirs?
The Burning of the Library of Alexandria was neither intentional nor absolute. A better example is the burning of the House of Wisdom by the Ilkhanate Mongols
My point was that people often point to the burning of the Library of Alexandria as some kind of pivotal tragedy in Western history. But in reality, the world loses huge chunks of unique stuff in our time, irretrievably. Stuff like animal species and human communities and one-of-a-kind historic artifacts. We then soon forget that anything was lost and tell each other just-so stories with zero historical perspective.
> > I am curious about what knowledge was lost in the fire,
>
Probably next to nothing, and certainly nothing of importance was lost. Alexandria was hardly the only library in the world, and the libraries at Pergamum and later Rome herself rivaled Alexandria in scale. Antony replaced the losses of the fire during the Alexandrine War with copies made from the library at Pergamum, and libraries in gymnasia or simply founded for citizens abound during that period in the Greek world, they're in like literally every city of any size.
> We do not lose texts because of catastrophic events that wipe out all copies of them. We lose texts because they stop being copied.
The documentary No End in Sight talks a lot about the looting of national museums. It was tragic and entirely preventable, but the US did not commit enough troops and did not have a plan for reconstruction or securing anything other than oil fields.
It depends on the definition of lost. I would argue that an artefact is better protected in a museum in Washington DC rather than in a country in a state of civil war.
Then the debate isn't so much about being lost, but whether the artefact should be located in the country where it was originally created, thousands of years ago.
And I think you can see it both ways. I don't understand people who identify themselves to the population that lived on the same territory centuries ago. It is a different people, a different culture, and there might be some trace of that culture left (like there are traces of the roman empire culture left all over europe), there might be some artefacts, some monuments left. But they are really a foreign people to the current inabitants. So should St Mark's Basilica in venice be destroyed to return the looted parts to Turkey? Or should the Lyxor obelisk on the place de la Concorde in Paris be returned to Egypt? I don't think so.
> Hobby Lobby bought the tablet in a private sale, after a Hobby Lobby representative viewed the tablet in London. The auction house shipped the tablet to its New York office and, from there, hand-carried it to Hobby Lobby's headquarters in Oklahoma City, "so that Hobby Lobby could avoid incurring a New York sales tax," according to prosecutors.
Oy vey. I don't know how serious this is but it's not a great look. Is this kind of thing common in the art world?
I find old clay tablets, and ancient writings in general, absolutely fascinating - particularly the randomness of the information that we can get from them. The oldest person whose name we know is from a signature on a receipt for some oil or some other merchandise.[1] It's slightly incredible when you realize that you have no idea who the ruler at the time was, or what he (or she did) but you can pinpoint precisely which goods exchanged hands on a specific date.
There’s an entire industry built around moving very expensive art so that you don’t have to pay any taxes on it. Switzerland and Monaco (and I’m sure others) have “free ports” where expensive art that is bought as an investment can be stored tax free. It’s kind of like storing the painting at the international departures gate in perpetuity.
Since it would be a pity to spend so much on a painting you never get to see there are companies that will create a replica of your beautiful tax liability so that you can enjoy your multi-million dollar investment. Rumor has it these replicas are so good they occasionally get “mistaken” for the real thing and the worthless art ends up in storage while the expensive art ends up hanging in the wealthy collector’s living room tax-free. Oops. Classic mixup.
I wonder if this is actually tax evasion. I think the idea behind this was to avoid a taxable event from taking place, not to lie in order to avoid paying taxes they legally had to. It's analogous to me driving out of my way to avoid going over a toll bridge, vs. (for example) covering up my license plate to avoid being caught by the toll cameras.
> Oy vey. I don't know how serious this is but it's not a great look. Is this kind of thing common in the art world?
Sure. The British museum used to be fairly brazen about the fact that they'd loot less-developed countries for cultural artifacts. Who do you think used to sponsor archaeology expeditions?
Err... my comment was referring to the sales tax evasion. I'm aware that the looting of cultural artifacts is an age-old practice, that's only recently been legislated against.
If your New York business sells something to someone in Oklahoma, you don't have to charge NY sales tax. That's not controversial or a grey area (edit: until 2018). I don't know exactly how they structured this transaction, but if it ended up in Oklahoma it seems to be within the spirit of the law.
I'm not an expert, but that link seems to agree with me (note we are talking about a transaction circa 2014).
> If your business has a physical presence, or “nexus”, in a state, you must collect applicable sales taxes from online customers in that state.
> If you do not have a physical presence, you generally do not have to collect sales tax for online sales. However, in June of 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling that will likely change this exemption to collecting sales tax.
This is referring to the sales tax in the buyer's state. I'm not aware of any state that requires sales tax in the seller's state for orders that were not made or received in that state.
> Err... my comment was referring to the sales tax evasion.
It's not immediately clear to me why, when someone in Oklahoma City purchases an object from someone in London, anyone should be paying a New York sales tax.
Different times and rules. Britain robbed it's colonies and exploited their people. Doesn't mean the British museum would still do this today (but I'd also not exclude it). In contrast some countries like Germany have started actively bringing cultural heritage back to its home (often against the institutions currently holding them).
Wait, your problem is with the actions taken to avoid a taxable event in New York by a buyer in Oklahoma?
This is the same as when you buy something on Amazon and the tax is based on your delivery destination, rather than Amazon's distribution centers or headquarters. It is lawful and makes sense.
> [...] authorities said it bought thousands of artifacts that had been smuggled out of Iraq. Some of the items on display at the Museum of the Bible had been looted from previously unknown archaeological sites.
...assuming that they knew they were looted. You could make a case that, yes of course these items were looted, and they turned a blind eye to that. But you could also make a case that they trusted a 3rd party to validate the artifacts.
Don't forget this is the group that voluntarily funded research that eventually proved some of their most prized possessions were, in fact, forgeries[0], so we have to assume they have at least a modicum of ethics.
They may have a moral code, but it is the sort of code that is OK with illegally smuggling artifacts that their own hired experts and lawyers were concerned were looted.
It’s not a modicum of ethics, it’s ass-covering in the case of legal challenges from the countries where these items were looted. After several high-profile antiquities cases in the early 90s and 2000s, and a federal precedent out of New York, every museum was forced to do this kind of bare minimum due diligence to avoid prosecution. Prior to this, they were being brazenly in bed with organized criminal networks in buying this stuff.
Well...yes allegedly buying looted artifacts is bad, but that was already the headline. I didn't realize that allegations of sales tax evasion(? not sure if it was a charge, or just an interesting tidbit pointed out by prosecutors), a pretty pedestrian crime in comparison, would also accompany these charges. It's sort of like: https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ArsonMurderAndJa...
Forget the artwork ethics, Hobby Lobby owners are notorious.
Forced people to come to work at their stores despite orders to close during pandemic as definitely not "essential". Their reason? "god" spoke to owner's wife and said to stay open.
You also may remember them from suing against ACA for religion exemptions against allowing their employees to have access to the pill under insurance (they oddly won).
"In a lawsuit filed on Tuesday, Hobby Lobby accused the auction house Christie’s of “deceitful and fraudulent conduct” in connection with an ancient tablet bearing a fragment of Gilgamesh.
The suit claims “fraud and breach of express and implied warrant” in connection with the tablet, and seeks the return of what it paid for the tablet.
In a statement on Tuesday, Christie’s said the lawsuit was related to an unidentified dealer’s admission of illegal activity “predating Christie’s involvement” with the tablet."
Interesting how few are interested in the defense that Hobby Lobby was a victim.
> Interesting how few are interested in the defense that Hobby Lobby was a victim.
This is just one page in the years-long story of Hobby Lobby's theft of thousands of antiquities. [1] Their attempt to pin one little piece of it on Christie's would, regardless of its legal merits, be met with boredom or skepticism even if the company weren't run by far-right religious fanatics.
>Interesting how few are interested in the defense that Hobby Lobby was a victim.
They weren't. With this tablet, maybe they never had any solid reason to suspect it had been looted. This wasn't the only artifact they bought, other items had no documentation detailing their history and they made purchases after being warned that items were likely illegal. It's doubtful they tried very hard to verify this tablets history given their record.
There are other criminals involved, but Hobby Lobby was not a victim.
Why are such auctions even allowed? Or was this an illegal auction? It seems to me that any respectable auction house has an obligation to ensure that their service is not abused to fence stolen goods.
It wasn't auctioned as the owner said the provenance would not pass public scrutiny, but instead listed for private sale. I have no clue how the legality of that works in Britain, but Christies exists to allow rich people to show off who is richer. I wouldn't trust their moral character.
Except the auction house is next door to a well known car thief's garage, the news is full of stories about a string of car thefts, and someone tells you those cars are probably stolen making it crime to buy.
If they had only made this one sketchy purchase, maybe reputation would explain something. Or if there had been any record of them checking the claims made before purchasing this tablet.
Or if Hobby Lobby hadn't publicly accepted that these actions were illegal.
Does Christie's frequently traffic in stolen goods? Is it possible that groups sometimes just defer to Christie's judgement when determining if something can legally be bought and sold or not?
They probably deal in stolen goods somewhat frequently, but even if you could trust whether the sale was legal Hobby Lobby needed to ensure the import was legal.
If you are buying something from another country, you are responsible for ensuring it is legal to ship into your country. A seller doesn't need to know every countries laws.
That said, knowingly buying counterfeits is illegal. If you have good reason to suspect it's counterfeit before buying, you could be charged.
>Do you want to take a wager of how many times Christie’s is wrong regarding provenance for multimillion dollar historical items?
Do you want to explain why they also purchased artifacts from private dealers in the United Arabs Emirate? Or how Christie's is responsible for their illegal import of the Gilgamesh Tablet?
>Not bad for hobby lobby, damned if they do and dammed if they don’t.
I assume that is why they already accepted their guilt and paid a three million dollar fine.
What's the end game of shilling for hobby lobby? Flagging negative news of various governments I get like 共匪, huge corporations do it far less, but hobby lobby seems like such a weird company to engage in astroturfing. They played a minor role in past administrations but they seem like even smaller potatoes lately.
I like hobby lobby because it’s one of the few places I can get good craft supplies for my kids, I suppose that’s why I “shilled” for them here (your words).
Besides, I think the negative sentiment towards them is obviously politically driven, and not some genuine concern for artifact provenance and ownership.
gee, who would have thought that a super rare artifact well known for being in a specific museum in a specific country ravaged by war and all of a sudden showing up at auction would be stolen. They must have done a hell of a job with their due diligence.
compared to the 99% of the rest of museums in dc, which are publicly funded, the Bible museum was private and needed to show return on investment which was covid interuppted, especially after it just opened and took over newseum real estate (capital prime).
>Interesting how few are interested in the defense that Hobby Lobby was a victim.
hobby lobby is family owned and the family uses the company as a piggy bank for their museum of the bible. they have had multiple scandals involving counterfeits and artifacts of undocumented provenance over the last ten years. their negligence is beyond doubt.
This is a related and surprisingly fascinating article about the cast of characters involved in many of the missteps of the Green Collection (which became the Museum of the Bible):
> "Whenever looted cultural property is found in this country, the United States government will do all it can to preserve heritage by returning such artifacts where they belong,"
How does this tablet differ from any other artifact in a museum? Couldn't it be argued that any ancient artifact from another culture is stolen?
Many historical artifacts were obtained under conditions we would not repeat today. You could argue that almost all artifacts of other cultures in western museums are stolen, but not everyone goes that far.
The British Museum is embroiled in many such controversies[1] and has put up statements around their Parthenon sculptures[2]. Large artifacts have been returned by nation states[3].
Generally, as I understand it, museums will keep artifacts they obtained under a framework that was legal at the time of its construction. Modern critics point out that these legal frameworks likely would not have been accepted by the population of the country giving up the artifact.
The Hobby Lobby artifacts do not even have a questionable legal framework as a fig leaf over their theft. They were taken in violation of international law as well as Iraqi and US law.
The British Museum was disappointing to me. I don't know what they're doing with the space, but if someone had told me that the British Museum was the same size as the Art Institute of Chicago it would have turned into an argument.
Meanwhile the Louvre is so big (>2.5x the size) that you have to pace yourself.
But that's not what was really disappointing. I had a vague comprehension that the British Museum contained artifacts that other countries wanted repatriated, and then I walked in and I knew. I knew exactly what they were talking about.
It didn't feel like a museum. It felt like I had wandered into a pirates treasure cave. Other museums have works that were purchased through channels, or loaned out. They have cultural artifacts and archaeological pieces that are contemporary to the region, offering vignettes into history, how we got to be here today.
I was just looking at colonial plunder. In an era where sane people would be scrambling to define themselves any other way.
> The British Museum was disappointing to me. I don't know what they're doing with the space, but if someone had told me that the British Museum was the same size as the Art Institute of Chicago it would have turned into an argument. Meanwhile the Louvre is so big (>2.5x the size) that you have to pace yourself.
Whaat! I visited the British museum for the first time a couple years ago. I spent two whole days there and still didn't see everything I wanted to!
> But that's not what was really disappointing. I had a vague comprehension that the British Museum contained artifacts that other countries wanted repatriated, and then I walked in and I knew. I knew exactly what they were talking about. It didn't feel like a museum. It felt like I had wandered into a pirates treasure cave.
However this, I get. I can definitely see that point of view dampening your experience.
> How does this tablet differ from any other artifact in a museum? Couldn't it be argued that any ancient artifact from another culture is stolen?
Lots of the early archeology exported antiquities legally. At the time most of the Middle East, Greece included, was ruled by the Ottoman Empire that granted official permissions for western archeologists to take objects or even whole buildings and edifices. I'm not well enough versed in the topic to know what deals covered these actions, whether they were shady in some degree or if the Empire just didn't care that much.
> Lots of the early archeology exported antiquities legally. At the time most of the Middle East, Greece included, was ruled by the Ottoman Empire that granted official permissions for western archeologists to take objects or even whole buildings and edifices.
But this answer can't satisfy anyone who cares about the issue, because there's no good argument that these exports were legitimate, just legal. Compare the Soviet Union's early efforts to sell off treasure and art belonging to the Czar -- they couldn't do it, because no one would buy their stolen goods. (Eventually, this broke down as the Soviets stayed in power.)
Saying it's fine for the British Museum to have Greek antiquities because the Ottoman Empire, the mortal enemies of the Greeks, gave them permission to take whatever they wanted... looks ridiculous. Imagine China freely granting permission to foreign archaeologists to dismantle and export Tibetan palaces and monasteries.
I think it's basically a function of when the artifact was taken. Older generations (I'm thinking pre 1900s) of historians, archeologists and explorers didn't think anything of it. And often in the colonial era, there wasn't a native government or state that could take possession of those artifacts. From reading history books, I think there was more of a finders-keepers mentality back then. EDIT: from reading another comment, it seems like 1970 is the cut-off.
The same actions today would be considered deeply uncool (which they are IMO), and also illegal in many jurisdictions. It's not right for a country's cultural treasures to be put on display permanently (loans are OK, I guess) in a museum thousands of miles away where most of the people of that country have no chance of admiring them.
It also breaks apart a potential comprehensive collection. The Mayan collection from the Guatemalan government is currently in a traveling tour. Saw it in Vancouver as a special exhibit and it was a truly great exhibit that would be impossible if all those pieces were in different collections around the world.
the problem is that local (to the archaeological context) museums lose a lot of potential support when the most salient artifacts connected to the history of the community they serve are held in (or more likely, outright belong to) a much more comprehensive collection in a far away city that many of their patrons will never visit.
It's a thorny problem. That local and often very impoverished communities will value their history enough to pay the costs of protecting it from being (legally or illegally) sold off in bits to the international market, is not a given. Local museums are often a cornerstone of establishing that value.
The same way that we generally speaking don't respect land rights of native people who were displaced by settlers hundreds of years ago, but we do respect your land rights, if I were to displace you, by 'settling' into your house.
There's a gradient between the two, and the line between them tends to be drawn rather arbitrarily - but it does exist.
At one point in time that tablet was owned by an individual. Who is to say some artifact can only be owned by the originating geography’s government, and not an individual, or other government?
What matters most to me is whether it was stolen or whether it was legally sold, legally abandoned, etc
"Hobby Lobby said that it was new to the world of antiquities when it began acquiring historical items for its Museum of the Bible in 2009 and made mistakes in relying on dealers and shippers who “did not understand the correct way to document and ship” them."
Auction houses have some very shady practices sometimes, and I imagine it's very difficult for buyers to navigate what is legal and what's not - but also in this case, it kind of seems like maybe they should have known.
They knew. Their own expert lawyer warned them in 2010. It's also their MO apparently. A second case involves Egyptian papyri. They also mis-declare things to get them into the country (ie calling them "tiles" in customs declarations). So, lying and stealing.
The comical part is that their very interest in the items is based in a religion that's nominally very opposed to lying and stealing. Fetishizing artifacts is apparently more important to their faith than doing what's right.
It's not very complicated to know what's legal and what's not. Was it exported from the country of origin prior to 1970? Legal. Exported with the permission of the government at the time? Legal.
The problem here was fraudulent provenance documents. Ideally, every item that goes up for auction would have its provenance investigated. In practice, that's too expensive for the auction houses.
(edit: to be clear what I mean is that it's extremely bizarre that a discount tchochke store in the US would own an extremely precious Mesopotamian artifact in the first place, not bizarre that justice is actually being done about it)
(the similarities between hobby lobby stealing tablets and religiously motivated tech magnates doing the same in a certain cyberpunk book of wide repute are, as usual, a bit eerie)
>"Whenever looted cultural property is found in this country, the United States government will do all it can to preserve heritage by returning such artifacts where they belong"
So what is the definition of "looted" here? Museums are full of things that fit various definitions of that word.
Essentially, if it happened in modern times we have to account to modern governments for it. It's just a property of current real life. If local people put pressure on their government over it, the government has to put pressure on America over it, and America may want to preserve relations by making a gesture that's ultimately strategically zero cost to preserve a strategic relationship.
No one with any power seriously wants the Kohinoor back so it's not going to go back. But having an artifact taken from your country during a war of invasion is going to create lots of pressure on you.
Many institutions built their collections through a practice known as partage or division of finds. They would go to a government and offer their services as archeologists in exchange for a portion of their finds. While this practice is rare post-1970, there's not any serious debate about the legitimacy of cultural heritage exported under this regime.
Purchases from the antiquities markets are also considered legitimate, assuming the export was originally done with the permission of the originating country.
Where things really get questionable is when material culture was extracted by imperial power or as spoils of war. The Rosetta Stone is the most famous example. Also, you've got things like the Elgin Marbles that were taken through fraud and subterfuge a long time ago. These kinds of things are grandfathered in as a legal matter, but there's a moral argument for returning them anyway.
i think looting relates to desired material or financial gain
vs historical or cultural revelation niether of them would be immune to criticism but i think archeology has at least a foot to stand on
According to the most recent study data (2017), an average of 16 veterans commits suicide every day here in the US. Claiming that it "isn't so bad" is remarkably callous.
Perhaps unexpectedly, among veterans who served during the Iraq or Afghanistan wars, those who were deployed have a lower suicide risk than those who were not deployed [1].
Most people who deploy never see combat, but "undeployed" is likely to correlate with some personal problems (lack of discipline/skills/intelligence/etc.) that will make post-military life difficult.
From your question, I guess maybe you have the impression that "deployment" means "regular combat', or even "any combat". Maybe things will make more sense if you think about this as a comparison between "people who mostly stayed on base overseas/at sea" vs. "people who mostly stayed on base state-side". Most of the military is non-combat, and only a small percentage of even combat arms every see combat. (Also, the military is not exactly safe even when you don't deploy. Even with two active wars on, there have been years since 2001 when more troops died from non-combat accidents than from combat).
It's true that "war is 10% bullets and 90% logistics", but it's also true that the US runs its military as a sort of rural jobs program of last resort. So you're drawing from a highly vulnerable population to begin with, and then probably not deploying the bottom parts of that distribution. Guess which part of the distribution is also most likely to struggle finding work or getting through school post-deployment.
The mundane everyday reality of living in poverty in America is far more deadly than the battle fields.
Maybe a contractor, but it would be near impossible to do this as an active duty soldier these days. In WW2 it was common, now it isn't. The US military is very strict about this sort of thing.
Kind of sad all around. The table was essentially rescued from ignominy. But of course it belongs to Iraq. Then it'll probably just disappear again. Sigh.
Oh is Iraq's government stable again? Are the people not at risk of hunger? Will the sanctity of museums be observed now and in the future, uninterrupted?
The Elgin marbles are safe in the British Museum. Would they have been safe, left where they were found, for 100 years?
Being PC about antiquities is intellectually interesting. But practically, it means many antiquities will be broken up, lost or hidden.
> The Government was stable, until the US of A decided to bless them with freedom and democracy.
The Iraqi dictatorship was not stable at all. There were constant purges, murders, by Saddam Hussein's regime. That occurred the entire time Saddam was in power. Please explain how that's a stable situation.
The fact that Saddam had to constantly murder members of his own government, demonstrates beyond doubt that it was not stable at all. The routine execution of members of the Iraqi Government was required due to the extreme instability that such an oppressive minority dictatorship prompts.
You seem to be confusing dictatorship with instability. On your criterion Russia and Turkey would also be classified as unstable, which they do not seem to be.
And off course, stability is relative. Compared to the current state of affairs, Iraqi government 20 years back was far more stable.
The Soviet Union was systematically vandalizing their history to prop up dogma. I hope we rescued anything we possibly could. Thirty years of sanity after that is nice to see but a pretty modest track record.
But I think I'm with Danny Hillis, anything buried and forgotten is safer than anything in a museum.
Right, that's the PC line. Rational and reasonable. Sadly, likely to result in more lost antiquities.
None of that argument actually addresses the safety of the artifacts, which is my single point I'm making here.
Argue all we like about what 'should' be. The reality is, they were lost once and could be lost again. All in support of the 'native people', who in these cases would include hungry looters.
The "hungry" looters getting food by selling them is a much better outcome then the rich "gentleman" taking pleasure by seeing them in a museum. Just because one won the genetic lottery by being born in a richer nation doesn't mean their entertainment has more value than the food of "hungry" looters, who too are human beings.
So its ok if local thieves and looters take the treasures with no thought of their preservation or provenance? But a methodical effort of record-keeping and analysis is wrong, simply because of the thieves nationality? That's what I mean by 'PC'. One results in the loss forever of the treasure; the other at least preserves them.
One is 'better' than the other, only from a comfortable armchair far from the turmoil.
Not fair! I'm not suggesting a course of action, or passing judgement on the right solution; that is squarly with responders here. I simply observe, the 'right' action will likely result in the destruction/loss of more antiquities. Which is amply supportable by history, recent and ancient.
>One results in the loss forever of the treasure; the other at least preserves them.
you paint an unfair picture.
you fail to mention that, in the case of this argument at least, preserving the artifact by means of foreign intervention may very well result in the starvation of the would-be local thieves.
many would argue that the loss of any human life is greater than the loss of all the world's artifacts.
It isn't really that unfounded a concept.
A well studied and documented artifact has only a specific amount of practical importance, aside from some sort of cultural significance. A human life has an unknown future, be it good or evil -- and unlimited (human) possibility if given the opportunities.
It's a fairly simple value proposition when simplified unreasonably this way : "Do you let another human die for the sake of storing an already studied artifact in a location where the object is safer?"
Sure, if a national treasure is found below your home, you think it's okay to kick you out without any compensation, because history >> individuals?
Do you want to share the natural resources of your own nation with others for free? If not, how on earth is it OK to snatch that of others from them, just because they fit your historical curiosity? This is basically saying we are superior people, and we need to keep things away from the hand of barbarians.
You cannot steal someone else's property even if you rightly believe that the owner wouldn't treat it very well. The same holds between civilized countries, of course.
It is obvious that the people who think otherwise employ double moral standards and would never agree to the theft of their country's cultural heritage under similar conditions.
>The Elgin marbles are safe in the British Museum. Would they have been safe, left where they were found, for 100 years?
There's a safe, climate controlled, stable spot waiting for them in Athens now. They would not be left in the elements to be ruined if Britain were to choose to return them.
Half of the friezes had been destroyed or severely damaged by the time Elgin went there. Some of the remaining pieces have been damaged since he went. The building originally had four walls and a roof.
Yes. And since the Greeks still have many of the acropolis marbles in their museum, it's fatuous to assume that they couldn't protect their own heritage.
Half of the marbles from the Parthenon survive in the Acropolis Museum. In other words, the Greeks know what they're doing. The Elgin Marbles were taken when the country was owned by the Ottoman Empire.
I really wish you would do some research before spouting off with ill-informed opinions. The Nazis and Italians conquered Greece during WW2, they didn't take Acropolis marbles.
That's some sort of anomaly. They took everything else, and murdered half a million civilians. I guess the remaining marbles were in locations too difficult to easily loot? Or too weighty.
Anyway, Elgin 'rescued' the marbles after a period of particularly egregious destruction of Greek history. Much was lost, blown up or deliberately demolished. If the Greeks didn't give a damn, why should Elgin be blamed for caring?
The tablet leaves the country. The government is aware, but pretends otherwise. Money flows into the country to pay for the tablet. The government reports the tablet missing, then gets it back. Repeat, for a nice flow of cash.
Selling the same object multiple times must be profitable.
This NPR, source we should trust. It carefully avoids to say that tablet was stollen from Iraq during US invasion. Whole museums and collections were stollen during that time by advancing US soldiers and "contractors".
I highly doubt HobbyLobby owners didn't know origin of this tablet.
This sounds like the beginning of a horror movie you'd find on Lifetime or Hallmark, but where the ancient Mesopotamian evil accepts Christ and sits down for tea and cakes with the children like in Narnia.
The burning of the Library of Alexandria is a potent symbol in Western culture, but the world has repeatedly suffered massive losses of cultural and historical artifacts in the last few decades. The public quickly develops historical amnesia for recent events. Compare, for example, the loss of Brazil's National Museum to a fire two years ago.[2]
[1] https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/03/ir...
[2] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/fire-engulfs-b...
edited: clarity and link formatting