I do not know the details of Apple's file system, but I wouldn't be surprised if it needs to allocate space for the log (journal) and can't do so.
That isn't reasonable in the sense of "this is what the filesystem should do in this situation" but if the log and user data are allocated from the same pool it is quite possible to exhaust both.
There was no shortage of TiO₂ in the US. It's used everywhere. They were specifically importing the refined metal because the soviets had the only viable production capacity.
This is the case for many materials. The raw material itself is not rare, the bottleneck is the refining/processing capability and thus the refined material is scarce.
- The shortage of lumber in US a few years was due to lack of saw mills, not trees
- Shortage of semi-conductor grade Neon due to lack of plants that can refine the gas to the required purity
- Shortages of oil derived products due to constraints on refining
- "Rare earth" shortages as few countries refine. China is one of the few countries willing to tolerate the pollution generated from the refining processes.
“Back when they were building the airplane the United States didn’t have the ore supplies – an ore called rutile ore. It’s a very sandy soil and it’s only found in very few parts of the world.”
Also, the Wikipedia link above doesn’t show the US to be major producer. It does show ex-Soviet block countries to be major producers.
I mean, you might be right about importing the metal rather than ore. I’m commenting only about whether the ore is widely available in the US.
There's plenty of titanium in the us. They opened a mine in the Adirondacks just for this purpose in WW2, and there's tons of untapped ore. Chances are that it was cheaper to get from the USSR than to make it ourselves
Due to that convoluted life cycle, we are not sure why the population is declining drastically. The numbers of young eels arriving in Europe in recent years is only 10% what it was in the 80s.
We don't know how long wild eels live (again, the life cycle) but this is much shorter than a single lifetime of captive fish.
One of many issues. The European eel gets hit by just about every possible thing due to its many and varied life cycles. Larval stage is subject to disrupted ocean currents due to climate change, juveniles are subject to an enormous illegal fishing trade (as the most prolific remaining Anguilidae, they are used to supply eel demand in many areas where local species aren’t doing as hot) as they reach European coast, young adults struggle to navigate up waterways due to dams and whatnot, adults spend their lives being fat in the mud and absorb lots of pollutants, then when ready to breed they face the dams again going back out to sea. They’re also under immense pressure from an invasive swim bladder parasite brought over when Japanese eels were introduced to Europe sometime in the 20th century.
And these are just the headline threats for each stage, there’s myriad smaller ones. The reason for their decline is almost certainly a case of lots of small threats overcoming their ability to adapt, rather than one discrete cause.
Smuggling also. In the last decade some cargo of alive eels had been found inside lugagges in airports flying to Asia.
There is an american Nematode parasite also that castrate the European eels.
Plus, overfishing, contamination, invasive species of fishes, drough, engineering of rivers, by-caught, propellers in dam pipes that cut them in chunks while swimming... And can't be breed in captivity.
The animal will go extinct in this century by greed, as usual.
They can now be induced to mate in captivity, after a long course of hormone treatments and a 2000km trip on a “water treadmill” to mimic their migration. The current problem is that the larvae don’t survive past the first week. If I recall correctly, the current hypothesis is nutritional, and there’s work being done on understanding the phytoplankton makeup of the Sargasso Sea to determine how the larvae should be fed.
There is always a trade-off between mass, durability, and data density. I know you excluded those considerations, but for only 200 years in a time capsule you likely don't want to use large stone blocks or stainless steel.
The tape has several advantages. Mylar is very light and kept in the dark at a constant, reasonable temperature is going to last two centuries no problem. You can read the tape by hand, if you need. An 8-bit tape is an inch wide and can be rolled into a canister for your time capsule.
Of course, for small amounts of data print English words on acid-free paper. For large amounts, tape is going to blow out the mass budget you didn't know you had because of it's low data density. But there might be a space in there somewhere for a tech I loved as a kid.
If there were under-reporting in 2021 similar to 2020 then we should see about a 1.06x payout difference in 2021, not 2.64x. Not recording deaths as covid wouldn't affect life insurance payouts. So there would need to be ~2.64x more covid deaths in 2021 (after most folks got the vaccine in March-May) than in 2020 with no vaccines. This doesn't seem right to me. What would explain this is if while covid didn't get much worse in 2021 people are dying more anyway, or the covid deaths are more concentrated in insured people.
Just getting sick doesn't trigger a life insurance payout, but a glance at cumulative cases vs deaths on the data tracker suggests that in 2021 covid is less deadly than in 2020 on a per-case basis. That matches what I see on the news and people around me pretty well.
I suspect that the life insurance vs covid risks skew differently with age. Life insurance policies tend to be high for working people and lower once retired. Since the purpose of life insurance is to replace lost income for the insured's dependents most people drop or reduce their policies when they retire. So that 2.64x factor on payouts should be under the factor for deaths unless the deaths are concentrated in younger, healthier people. I have no idea what that correction would look like so I ignored it.
* Assuming the second half of 2022 which hasn't happened yet looks like the first half. Reality won't be exactly 2x the total so far.
This is moderately common for environments where you are pushing a lot of startup work into the dynamic linker and will be launching processes frequently. Loading shared libraries for example.
You have a parent process which uses dlopen() to load all the libraries you want to avoid re-linking. When you want to spawn a child, rather than exec() you dlopen() an object with your child's main() and call it. For the case where you have enough libraries this is much faster than an exec(), saving tens of seconds on every application launch if you have a really bad case of C++.
There some small surprises which become obvious with a little thought. You are responsible for everything that normally happens in your process before main() is called. ASLR is only done once per session. People rarely think to fix-up argv[] for ps and friends in the first version.
> But it seems odd that they wouldn't at least save a LUT relating the shortened and expanded variable name.
BASIC implementations based on Microsoft BASIC store tokenized program lines. A keyword takes 1 byte. Comments, variable names, spaces between tokens, etc take up memory on a character-by-character basis.
I didn't use Apple BASIC, but I spent too much time on various flavors of Commodore BASIC which shared this heritage. Changing a variable from "ACCUMULATOR" to "AC" to "A" saved memory and made the program run faster. The problem of not being able to make sense of your own program after was very real.
There was a weird thing in IBM BASICA (which apparently became GW-BASIC) where runtime writes to a pointer to a program variable could corrupt your program listing itself. I think this had to do with variable contents actually being stored inside the source code somehow? Do you know any more about this, or does anyone else remember this?
Nearly everything about vehicles has US federal and state regulation. Headlight regulations being stricter in the US are why US versions of European cars up until about the 1980s had different headlights than their home markets.
49 CFR § 393, FMVSS 108 and a crapload of other regulations and regulatory interpretations. In general, these make IRS instructions seem a marvel of clarity.
As someone working with taxes, I find your comment a little funny.
IRS instructions can be verbose. I'll need to look up these headlight regulations then. Thank you.
And technically his family, the gens Octavia, was a plebeian family, albeit his branch was rather wealthy by the time of his birth.
Speaking of his mother Atia though, she was the niece of the Gaius Julius Caesar, himself from a patrician family.
The formal distinction between the family orders waned in significance over the centuries preceding the fact. That said, people always find new ways to feel superior to other people so it's not like there were no class distinctions, but the term plebeian was quite more complicated and nuanced than our modern re-interpretation of the word.
That isn't reasonable in the sense of "this is what the filesystem should do in this situation" but if the log and user data are allocated from the same pool it is quite possible to exhaust both.